Leaf bioassay of wild-type and Pinellia ternata agglutinin (PTA) chloroplast transplastomic leaves against corn earworm (CE) tobacco budworm (TB) and beet armyworm (BA). (a-1, b-1, c-1) UT leaf bioassays with BA, TB, CE; (a-2, b-2, c-2) PTA T0 plant leaf bioassays with BA, TB, CE; (a-3, b-3, c-3:) UT leaf bioassays with BA, TB, CE; (a-4, b-4, c-4) PTA T1 plant young leaf bioassays with BA, TB, CE. Photos were taken 2 days after bioassay.